tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9417629722276477462024-03-05T06:24:00.887-08:00School ScienceThis site contains the simplified descriptions of school level science and computer science Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.comBlogger94125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-1612113208990564322021-08-15T21:48:00.012-07:002021-08-24T16:57:38.305-07:00Class VIII Contents<p></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Physics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> <a href="http://www.landnepal.com.np/2021/08/measurement.html"> </a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://www.landnepal.com.np/2021/08/measurement.html">Measurement</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Velocity & Acceleration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Simple Machine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Work, Energy & Power<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Heat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Light<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sound<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Magnetism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">10.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Electricity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">B.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Chemistry<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">11.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Matter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">12.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Mixture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">13.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Metals and Non Metals<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">14.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Acid, Base & Salt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">15.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Some useful materials<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Biology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">16.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Living organisms<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">17.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cell & Tissues<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">18.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Life process<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">D.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Geology & Astronomy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">19.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Structure of earth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">20.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Weather & Climate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">21.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Earth and space<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">22.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Environmental Balance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">23.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Environment conservation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">24.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Environment and sustainable development<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></p>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p><p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-92156210654475236822021-08-15T21:45:00.009-07:002021-08-24T17:02:05.372-07:00Computer Science<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Fundamentals of Computer<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">History of Computer<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Generations of Computer<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Types of Computer<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Computer software<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Operating Systems<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Word Processing<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Spreadsheet <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Presentation<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Webpage Designing<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Information and Communication Technology<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Computer Ethics and Cyber Law<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Computer Virus<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Computer Network<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Number Systems<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Computer Graphics<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Multimedia<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Program Design Tools<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Fundamentals of Programing<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Programing with Q-Basic<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Programing with C<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Programing C++<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Programing with Visual Basic<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Programing with Java</p><p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-58135699658336742732020-10-09T05:56:00.005-07:002021-08-12T23:46:48.052-07:00Class IX Contents<p><br /></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Physics</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Chemistry</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Biology</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Geology Astronomy</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Measurement</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Force</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Machines</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Work, Energy & Power</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Light</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Sound</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Electricity & Magnetism</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Classification of elements</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Chemical Reactions</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Solubility</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Some gases</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Metals</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Carbon & its compounds</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Water</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Chemical fertilizers</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Classification of Organisms</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Adaptation</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Systems</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Sense organs</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Evolution</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Nature and Environment</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Natural disasters</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Green House</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Earth on the Universe</p>
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</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> ........This Page is Under Construction</o:p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-58451084080482493572020-09-17T01:43:00.007-07:002020-09-17T01:58:29.911-07:00Grafting<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Grafting is a technique that joins two
plants into one. In general, a wound is created on one of the plants, and the
other is inserted into that wound so each plant's tissues can grow together. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Instead of cross-pollinating two plants
and producing a hybrid seed, </span><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;">grafted plants use the roots and the bottom portion of one plant
(rootstock) and attach it to a tender shoot (scion) from the top portion of
another plant. This is often done with trees and shrubs to combine the best
characteristics of the two plants.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
<span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;">The Rootstock or stock: The
lower plant portion used in grafting is called the rootstock. This is usually a
healthy root system and some portion of the stem. You've probably seen a nubby
bump at the base of rose bushes or fruit trees, like the one in the photo. This
is where the graft was made; the graft union. Everything below the bump is
rootstock.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsUYHSLJrjB1aRdxet3JZbt6C9uUb_0WaMOrAugN5J8gPL1F6-Z4oS0gSQZBWcfGp9lx5z0IICrAr5pxGN8037JmA8Cv3skWxvAQX_wYD1bEYu_5Xa8PttHlHyKM6wJZZdiZZzy9QJ44sR/s375/whip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsUYHSLJrjB1aRdxet3JZbt6C9uUb_0WaMOrAugN5J8gPL1F6-Z4oS0gSQZBWcfGp9lx5z0IICrAr5pxGN8037JmA8Cv3skWxvAQX_wYD1bEYu_5Xa8PttHlHyKM6wJZZdiZZzy9QJ44sR/s320/whip.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white; color: black;">Whip Grafting : Whip
Grafting is one of the oldest methods of asexual plant propagation known. It is
the predominant propagation method used on apples and is widely used on pear.
Although most grapes are grown from cuttings in this country, whip grafting is
the standard when they are propagated. Whip grafting has been the primary
method employed in propagating pecan nursery stock in the southeastern United
States. This technique is also used to some extent in the Southeast and west to
Louisiana for top-working larger pecan trees on the above-ground portions.
Since successful whip grafting is closely correlated to the presence of high
humidity, this method has not been used widely in the drier sections of
Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas. A major strong point for whip grafting nursery
stock is the smooth and straight trees that are produced by this method.</span><span style="background: white; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">Cleft grafting:</span>A cleft graft is one of the grafts used for topworking new
cultivars on existing trees.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqx8nfbGotlkpHYKYrG1ZlPDd1dgyee95d4O6MIrTiXyWZm2t_gRfXAA0uHgRb0g-Wp3GFhFMoTtOoMBX4Xbeklj8ym-XzOknYN63GyIc3f9gpJ-gFyUevblPfcn7SKo8R82jLQ4VUVs0M/s350/cleft.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="350" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqx8nfbGotlkpHYKYrG1ZlPDd1dgyee95d4O6MIrTiXyWZm2t_gRfXAA0uHgRb0g-Wp3GFhFMoTtOoMBX4Xbeklj8ym-XzOknYN63GyIc3f9gpJ-gFyUevblPfcn7SKo8R82jLQ4VUVs0M/w275-h202/cleft.jpg" width="275" /></a></span></span></div><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p><span style="background: white; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;">
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;">It is used for relatively small branches and done when the
stock is dormant and cracks easily.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;">Two scions are inserted on either side of the branch and the
cambium lined up along the outer edge.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;">When the tool is released, the pressure of the closure holds
the scions in place.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;">Once the graft takes, only one of the scions will be
retained.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;">Sometimes the other scion is left for a while as a nurse
branch<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><br /></span><p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-2059143291353161982020-09-14T01:06:00.010-07:002020-09-14T02:28:42.651-07:00Glandular System<p>The system which comprises all glands of a body is called
glandular system. When we see sour food a fluid is generated inside mouth, why?
The salivary gland produce salivary juice. When dust enters into eye it starts
tearing because of production of tear from tear gland.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gland: those organs which produce enzyme or hormone are
called glands. Glands are divided into two types exocrine and endocrine. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1. <b>Exocrine gland</b>: The ducted glands are called exocrine
glands. The juice produced by exocrine glands are called enzymes. The enzyme
produced by them is mixed to the blood which is helpful in digestion. Tear gland,
sweat gland, salivary gland etc are example of exocrine glands.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2. <b>Endocrine gland</b>: The ductless gland that produce hormones
are called endocrine glands. As hormones excite cells and other glands they are
called chemical messengers. Imbalance of hormones in body causes imbalance in
growth and developments.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Exocrine Gland</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Endocrine Gland</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1. It is ducted</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1. It is ductless</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2. It produces enzyme</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2. It produces hormone</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">3. It sends enzyme to destination via duct</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">3. It sends hormones to blood directly</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">4. Enzyme is important for digestion, respiration and other life
process</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">4. Hormone is important for growth and development</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Pituitary Gland</b>: <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pituitary
gland</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> is a small
pea-sized </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">gland</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> that plays a
major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing. It is
referred to as the body's 'master </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">gland</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">' because it
controls the activity of most other hormone-secreting </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">glands</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.</span> The hormones produced by this gland are called stimulating
hormone and growth hormone. The major function of these hormones is physical and
psychological development.<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQODWpSLPGL900OymeZAiZE60iyzfFrfiVrmJDu2GEzZi0inz6PHl6DE2oJtRZdEvgrARoeR8J71GHXHVbljbtsZuLE8FRt3Rg15r7fvPTzAOmZkWT9vY6a5fv6XT1J8m8j6gzgDJPGkf6/s837/gland.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="837" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQODWpSLPGL900OymeZAiZE60iyzfFrfiVrmJDu2GEzZi0inz6PHl6DE2oJtRZdEvgrARoeR8J71GHXHVbljbtsZuLE8FRt3Rg15r7fvPTzAOmZkWT9vY6a5fv6XT1J8m8j6gzgDJPGkf6/s16000/gland.jpeg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white;"><b>Thyroid
Gland</b>: </span><span style="color: #231f20;">The
thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of our </span>neck<span style="color: #231f20;"> just
below the </span>Adam’s apple<span style="color: #231f20;">. It’s
part of an intricate network of glands called the endocrine system. The
endocrine system is responsible for coordinating many of our body’s activities.
The thyroid gland manufactures hormones that regulate our body’s </span>metabolism<span style="color: #231f20;">.</span> The hormone produced by thyroid gland is called
thyroxin which contains iodine necessary to our body. Lack of this hormone causes
less sweating, physical as well as mental disability etc. If this hormone
exceeds limit excess of sweating, increase of hunger, loss of weight like
effects are seen.</div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Parathyroid
gland</b>: </span><span style="background: white; color: #353637;">Parathyroid glands
are four small glands of the endocrine system which regulate the calcium in our
bodies. Parathyroid glands are located in the neck behind the thyroid where
they continuously monitor and regulate blood calcium levels.</span> The hormone
produced by this gland is called parathermone or parathyroid hormone. It regulates
calcium on blood and bones. Excess of this hormone causes tumor and kidney
stone while lack of this causes lack of calcium in blood. Due to this muscles
get contracted and the condition is called tetany. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Adrenal gland</b>: <span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The adrenal glands are small glands located on
top of each kidney. They produce hormones that we can't live without, including
sex hormones and cortisol. Cortisol helps us respond to stress and has many
other important functions.</span> Another hormone produced by adrenal gland is
adrenalin. Access of adrenalin causes increase of blood pressure and lack of
this causes decrease in blood pressure level, decrease of sugar level and dizziness.</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;"><b>Pancreas</b>: </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">The pancreas
is an organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting
the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells. The pancreas has two main
functions: an exocrine function that helps in </span>digestion and an endocrine function that
regulates blood sugar. So it is also called mixed gland or dual gland as
it produces enzyme and hormone both. Pancreas produces Insulin and glucagon
hormones. Insulin regulates sugar level in blood. Lack of insulin increases
sugar level which is called diabetes.</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;"><b>Gonads</b>: </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">A </span>gonad, sex
gland, or reproductive
glandis a mixed gland that produces the <span style="background: white;">gametes<span style="color: #202122;"> (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism. In the </span></span>female<span style="color: #202122;"> of the species the reproductive cells are the </span>egg
cells<span style="color: #202122;">, and in the </span>male<span style="color: #202122;"> the reproductive cells are the </span>sperm<span style="color: #202122;">.</span> The male gonad, the testicle<span style="color: #202122;">, produces sperm in the form of </span>spermatozoa<span style="color: #202122;">. The female gonad, the </span>ovary<span style="color: #202122;">, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes are </span>haploid<span style="color: #202122;"> cells.</span> <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-74283830146335749672020-09-13T17:08:00.009-07:002020-09-13T20:35:53.927-07:00Peripheral Nervous System<p><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">The </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">peripheral nervous system </span></strong><span style="word-spacing: 1.6px;">(PNS) consists of
all the nerves branching out of the </span><a href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cerebral-cortex" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; text-decoration-line: none;">brain</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style="word-spacing: 1.6px;"> and </span></span><a href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-spinal-cord" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; text-decoration-line: none;">spinal
cord</span></a>. <span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">If you imagine the Central Nervous System
as the main highway, then the Peripheral Nervous System forms all the
connecting secondary roads. These allow electrical impulses to travel to and
from the furthest regions, or periphery, of the human body.</span> The PNS is
built almost entirely from nerves. There are two main types; <strong style="box-sizing: border-box; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/spinal-nerves" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: #495354; text-decoration-line: none;">spinal nerves</span></a></span></strong><span style="word-spacing: 1.6px;"> and </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-12-cranial-nerves" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: #495354; text-decoration-line: none;">cranial nerves</span></a></span></strong><span style="word-spacing: 1.6px;">. Functionally,
the PNS can be divided into the </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/autonomic-nervous-system" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: #495354; text-decoration-line: none;">autonomic</span></a> </span></strong><span style="word-spacing: 1.6px;">and </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">somatic </span></strong><span style="word-spacing: 1.6px;">nervous systems. Both of these can be further subdivided;
the former into </span><a href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/sympathetic-nervous-system" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; text-decoration-line: none;">sympathetic</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style="word-spacing: 1.6px;"> and </span></span><a href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-parasympathetic-nervous-system" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; word-spacing: 1.6px;"><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; text-decoration-line: none;">parasympathetic</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><span style="word-spacing: 1.6px;"> arms and the latter into sensory and motor divisions.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><b>Cranial nerve tissue</b>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nerve tissues starting from brain and
again ending to brain are called cranial nerve tissues. There are 12 pairs of
cranial nerves emerging from brain which collect information from the organs of
head like eye, ear, tongue, nose etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><b>Spinal nerve tissue</b>: The nerve tissues
emerging from spinal cord and spread to different parts of body are called
spinal nerves. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerging from spinal cord
and spread to different parts of body. They carry information and emotions from
different parts of body to brain and brain to different parts of body.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #495354; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><b>Autonomic nervous system</b>: </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">autonomic nervous system</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> is a control </span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">system</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> that acts
largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate,
digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.</span>
Autonomic nervous system is divided to two types<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. <b>Sympathetic</b>: this increases the rate of heartbeat, blood
pressure, breathing and function of stomach, intestine and urinary system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. <b>Parasympathetic</b>: It is opposite of sympathetic which
normalizes the events mentioned above in general conditions such as heart beat, blood
pressure, urination rate etc.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0.95pt 0in 4.8pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Reflex Action and Reflex Arc<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 4.8pt 0in 0.2in;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When you
touch a hot object or when a pin pricks your finger, what is your
immediate reaction? Of course, you remove your hand away from the source
of pain, either the hot object or the pin. In situations like these, your
reactions are always immediate, involuntary and sudden. They happen without
much of a thinking process. In scientific terms, this action is called the
reflex action. Here the spinal cord has a major role to play. The reflex
arc shows the pathway through which the reflex action occurs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 4.8pt 0in 0.2in;"><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">The whole mechanism of reflex action occurs in such a
fashion that there is no conscious control of the </span><span style="border: 1pt none; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">brain</span>. Stimulation occurs through the peripheral <span style="border: 1pt none; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">nervous system</span> and the response to this peripheral
nerve stimulation is involuntary. In a reflex action, the spinal cord along
with the brain stem is responsible for the reflex movements.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEJcxMOUumazw-8qgGWLQUmwMfF52uc13JwctNXJrbqefhqf-CVkH-xLg41lxydSFzop57xWjGPwM7mywGgNCApJHGD6EuUSTe4sy6WdPISOtGcymQR1HAXCfjkO0P0h-ykQ6xHhSMU3Kt/s555/reflex+action.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEJcxMOUumazw-8qgGWLQUmwMfF52uc13JwctNXJrbqefhqf-CVkH-xLg41lxydSFzop57xWjGPwM7mywGgNCApJHGD6EuUSTe4sy6WdPISOtGcymQR1HAXCfjkO0P0h-ykQ6xHhSMU3Kt/s16000/reflex+action.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 4.8pt 0in 0.2in;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 4.8pt 0in 0.2in;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
few examples of reflex action are:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.7pt; margin-left: 0.2in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When light acts as
a stimulus, the pupil of the eye changes in size.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.7pt; margin-left: 0.2in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudden jerky withdrawal of
hand or leg when pricked by a pin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.7pt; margin-left: 0.2in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coughing or sneezing, because
of irritants in the nasal passages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.7pt; margin-left: 0.2in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Knees jerk in response to a
blow or someone stamping the leg.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.7pt; margin-left: 0.2in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The sudden removal of the
hand from a sharp object.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.2in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudden blinking when an
insect comes very near to the eyes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 4.8pt 0in 0.2in;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
whole process of reflex action involves some important components. They are
receptor organs, sensory neurons, nerve center, associated neurons, motor
neurons and effector neurons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 4.8pt 0in 0.2in;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
receptor organs perceive the stimuli. They are situated on the sense organs.
The afferent neurons or the sensory neurons carry the stimuli from receptors to
the spinal cord. The ganglion of the spinal cord has the sensory neurons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 4.8pt 0in 0.2in;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
spinal cord is the nerve center, where synaptic connections are formed. The
associated neurons are present in the spinal cord. The ventral horn of spinal
cord has the motor neurons. Effector organs are the glands and muscles that
behave in response to the stimuli.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><b>Neuron</b>: The smallest unit of nervous system is called
neuron. It is also called nerve cell. </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Neurons
are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve
cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and
dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon extends
from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending
at nerve terminals. Dendrites extend from the neuron cell body and receive
messages from other neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron
communicates with another. The dendrites are covered with synapses formed by
the ends of axons from other neurons.</span><br /></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 15.45pt; margin-bottom: 12.85pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The cell body contains the nucleus
and cytoplasm. The axon extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many
smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 15.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 12.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Dendrites extend
from the neuron cell body and receive messages from other neurons. Synapses are
the contact points where one neuron communicates with another. The
dendrites are covered with synapses formed by the ends of axons from
other neurons.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 15.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 12.85pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjESWQmXcBkjVkCU_GA99u2EzzQ-NEAJTj6y5AZ4F5l1iiOx5tpCJpRIhncK-9G9T94JwJWw2TVywIY0v4nVy2qthYWeuGXfrvMFtVUtxW-XrfQieGqDvX2DZ-3mMs0pU_ymBhG7jLer1ZX/s555/neuron.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjESWQmXcBkjVkCU_GA99u2EzzQ-NEAJTj6y5AZ4F5l1iiOx5tpCJpRIhncK-9G9T94JwJWw2TVywIY0v4nVy2qthYWeuGXfrvMFtVUtxW-XrfQieGqDvX2DZ-3mMs0pU_ymBhG7jLer1ZX/s16000/neuron.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 15.45pt; margin: 0in 0in 12.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">When
neurons receive or send messages, they transmit electrical impulses along their
axons, which can range in length from a tiny fraction of an inch (or
centimeter) to three feet (about one meter) or more. Many axons are covered
with a layered myelin sheath, which accelerates the transmission of
electrical signals along the axon. This sheath is made by specialized cells
called glia. In the brain, the glia that make the sheath are called
oligodendrocytes, and in the peripheral nervous system, they are known as Schwann
cells. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">The
brain contains at least ten times more glia than neurons. Glia perform many
jobs. Researchers have known for a while that glia transport nutrients to
neurons, clean up brain debris, digest parts of dead neurons, and help hold
neurons in place. Current research is uncovering important new roles for
glia in brain function.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-14152493688880434302020-09-13T01:42:00.013-07:002020-09-13T17:21:29.816-07:00Nervous System<p>The system of organs and cells that make organism able to
detect changes within themselves and their environment is called nervous
system. <span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a;">Changes in the external </span><span style="background: white;">environment<span style="color: #1a1a1a;"> include
those of </span></span>light<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">, </span>temperature<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">, </span>sound<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">,
motion, taste and </span>odour<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">, while changes
in the internal environment include those in the position of the head and limbs
as well as in the internal organs. Once detected, these internal and external
changes must be analyzed and acted upon in order to survive. Human nervoous system is divided to three major parts, they are,</span></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Central nervous system</span></li><li><span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Peripheral nervous system</span></li><li><span style="color: #1a1a1a;">Autonomic nervous system</span></li></ol><div><span style="color: #1a1a1a;">1. Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal chord.</span></div><p></p>
<p><b>Brain</b>: Brain is the largest part of central nervous system situated safe inside skull. Brain is covered by three layered membrane called meninges that help protect the brain. The three layers are called duramater, piamater and arachnoid. Duramater is attached to inner skull, piamater is attached to brain and space between arachnoid and piamater is filled with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid protects brain from shocks. Brain is divided into three major parts</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUalPQx5J8bnv0i9up9mnO08olhKEl-I6SawXIaR_d8AlirAf60QITRcUwUZDrI7FKpapnZOyvRjDG0vM364NyraQJYIIZ8tksE2_RapVRU0ngrbL_I4v1vbq-3U85YJhLWQyes2zrqHBE/s330/brain.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUalPQx5J8bnv0i9up9mnO08olhKEl-I6SawXIaR_d8AlirAf60QITRcUwUZDrI7FKpapnZOyvRjDG0vM364NyraQJYIIZ8tksE2_RapVRU0ngrbL_I4v1vbq-3U85YJhLWQyes2zrqHBE/s320/brain.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br />
a. Cerebrum: cerebrum occupies about 80% of brain volume. It is spread from frontal, parietal to occipital zone. It is divided to left and right hemisphere lobes. The left and right hemispheres are divided from top side by deep fissure. Outer part of cerebrum is made up of grey matter and inner part from white matter. Major function of cerebrum are<p></p>
<ul>
<li>To detect odor</li>
<li>To control speech</li>
<li>Record memory and events</li>
<li>Hearing control</li>
<li>Detect sensation like touch, pain, pressure, temperature etc</li>
<li>Thought control</li>
<li>Analysis</li>
<li>Emotions</li>
<li>Anger control</li>
<li>Future telling</li>
</ul>
<p>Shock or wound on cerebrum causes person to coma.</p>
<p>b. Cerebellum: Cerebellum also called small brain is situated behind cerebrum and above medulla oblongata. It is divided to two hemispheres on the size of lemon each. It is also formed by grey matter and white matter. The major functions of cerebellum are</p>
<ul>
<li>Plays the role of body balance</li>
<li>Decides the tone of muscle</li>
<li>Controls voluntary movements</li>
</ul>
<p>c. Medulla oblongata: it is situated below cerebellum and at the top of spinal cord. It is smallest part of</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ9iC7UgNcwiGQiAOI5bvEvOod2LhvIRgXZsGGjEG2VciWPDh0hGmZnzlfBxoe29ww2AAg_rMaQwJMPL0_ANC4xS2ZWm5ZfO2Yorply3GueEKE3afPD4EYYZHRHhzFE7jXnOe54Wb8jpKn/s611/spinal+cord.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ9iC7UgNcwiGQiAOI5bvEvOod2LhvIRgXZsGGjEG2VciWPDh0hGmZnzlfBxoe29ww2AAg_rMaQwJMPL0_ANC4xS2ZWm5ZfO2Yorply3GueEKE3afPD4EYYZHRHhzFE7jXnOe54Wb8jpKn/s16000/spinal+cord.jpg" /></a></div><br /> brain. It is cylindrical in shape. Shock or wound on this may cause death of person. It is also made by gray matter and white matter. The major functions of medulla oblongata are<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Control of sneezing, swallow of food</li>
<li>Control of vomiting and to cough</li>
<li>Control of breathing</li>
<li>Control contraction and relaxation of blood vessels</li>
<li>Contraction and relaxation of digestive canal</li><li>secretion of digestive juice, secretion of hormones etc</li>
</ul><div><br /></div>
<p><b>Spinal cord</b>: spinal cord is a long nervous tissue which starts from lower part of medulla oblongata to the end of lumbar vertebrae. Its outer part is made up of white matter and inner part from grey matter. It is covered by meninges. If spinal cord gets shock or injured the lower part below wound remain paralyzed which is called spinal injury or spinal paralysis. Main functions of spinal cord are</p>
<ul>
<li>It is the centre of reflex action. It shows instant reaction to change in outer environment</li>
<li>Establishes relationship between different parts of body and brain</li>
</ul><div>Next: <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="http://www.landnepal.com.np/2020/09/peripheral-nervous-system.html" target="_blank">Peripheral Norvous System</a> and autonomic nervous system</span></div>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-23570030390855009812020-09-08T01:47:00.006-07:002020-09-12T18:19:20.463-07:00Alcohol and Glycerol<p>Alcohol: The compound formed by displacing one hydrogen of
alkane by hydroxide is called alcohol. General formula of alcohol is C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>.
Alcohols are classified by number of hydroxide present in compound. Monohydric
alcohol if one hydroxide is present, dihydric alcohol if two hydroxides are
present and trihydric if three hydroxides are present.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Methyl alcohol:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
a monohydric alcohol formed by displacing one hydrogen in methane by one
hydroxide. It is also called methanol. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">CH</span><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 6pt; line-height: 115%;">4<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">- </span><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">H /+ OH
→ CH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 6pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">OH</span></span></p>
<p>Uses of Methyl alcohol:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is widely used to make methylated spirit<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD2D0Sum6i3RTWnLGyrTuWG_YudIxCZBsPH_WnZClNriIxjC-sDjlpAxK9gm3HmKLd29XcfG38CoaZufhJoI8M7LkzleeUKq_OyrZQ7uGpJM4rDWnyKMlUCleifU0zc96gFf75vXMn5ED_/s200/methanol.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD2D0Sum6i3RTWnLGyrTuWG_YudIxCZBsPH_WnZClNriIxjC-sDjlpAxK9gm3HmKLd29XcfG38CoaZufhJoI8M7LkzleeUKq_OyrZQ7uGpJM4rDWnyKMlUCleifU0zc96gFf75vXMn5ED_/s0/methanol.jpg" /></a></div><br /></li>
<li>It is used as solvent for different colors</li>
<li>It is used to make synthetic fibers</li>
<li>It is used to make colors and perfumes</li>
<li>It is used to make medicines</li>
<li>It is used to make formaldehyde and Bakelite</li>
<li>It is use to disinfect syringes in hospitals</li>
<li>Used as fuel in spirit lamp</li>
<li>Used for dry clean</li>
</ul>
<p>Ethyl alcohol: it is a monohydric alcohol also known as ethanol. It is formed by displacing one hydrogen of alkane by a hydride ion(functional group)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">C</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></sub><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> –H/+ OH → C</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></sub><span face="Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
Uses of ethyl alcohol:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used to make alcoholic beverages like whisky, vodka, wine and beer</li>
<li>Used as fuel in spirit lamp</li>
<li>It is used to make alcohol thermometer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWA45pLKzVNGK223pzX98tMXwM2dFdeExiObR6zWuVLVQsFA1YAGC0I8zmvTUbReFERDK2DEvpI6FaTLaZpuUcXvhwIN6VHfr7M8ew7qVWVbKHiiaM-0VdWvEykIhKKV5qq-HmgyKD0NMs/s200/ethanol.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="130" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWA45pLKzVNGK223pzX98tMXwM2dFdeExiObR6zWuVLVQsFA1YAGC0I8zmvTUbReFERDK2DEvpI6FaTLaZpuUcXvhwIN6VHfr7M8ew7qVWVbKHiiaM-0VdWvEykIhKKV5qq-HmgyKD0NMs/s0/ethanol.jpg" /></a></div><br /></li>
<li>Used to clean syringes in hospital</li>
<li>Used to preserve biological specimen</li>
<li>Used to make sanitizers</li>
<li>It is used as solvent for resin, fat and oil</li>
<li>It is used to make transparent soaps</li>
<li>It is used to make polythene, terylene etc</li>
</ul>
<p>Glycerol: It is a trihydric alcohol also known as glycerin. It is colorless with sweet taste and edible matter. Large amount of glycerol is obtained from soap industries as byproduct. It is highly soluble in water.<br />
Uses of glycerol:</p>
<ul>
<li>Used preserve lips and skin from dryness<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht2lTcbKcuS0X0nm1oUncJD9zyFN_7JTu7OOXL1CUgxkouGcydoFfWE8OF6eHsSRm1BwxZbRhyPZvtGb4l_Fn0lX2eOYPxMlWpdpkvwljVxP4M1uHzfGcTmpHih8PHzbE8oDqCOOptmPFg/s200/glycerol.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="136" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht2lTcbKcuS0X0nm1oUncJD9zyFN_7JTu7OOXL1CUgxkouGcydoFfWE8OF6eHsSRm1BwxZbRhyPZvtGb4l_Fn0lX2eOYPxMlWpdpkvwljVxP4M1uHzfGcTmpHih8PHzbE8oDqCOOptmPFg/s0/glycerol.jpg" /></a></div><br /></li>
<li>It is used as sweetening agents</li>
<li>It is used to make high quality soap, lotion, saving cream and cosmetics</li>
<li>It is used to make printing ink</li>
<li>It is used to preserve tobacco and fruits</li>
</ul><div><a href="http://www.landnepal.com.np/2020/09/hydrocarbons_7.html" target="_blank">Back to Hydrocarbons</a></div>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-74648838488811984002020-09-08T00:21:00.005-07:002020-09-08T01:48:44.602-07:00Some Hydrocarbons and Uses<p>Methane: Methane is the simplest aliphatic hydrocarbon in nature. It is found in marshy place so it is sometime called marsh gas. It is also found on upper layer of mineral oil. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It is insoluble in water but soluble in ether and alcohol.<br />
Uses of methane:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used as biogas in villages for cooking</li>
<li>Used as fuel in industries</li>
<li>Liquid methane is uses as rocket fuel</li>
<li>It is used in industrial production of hydrogen gas</li>
<li>It is used to make various organic compound like chloroform, carbon tetrachloride etc</li>
<li>It is used to make methyl alcohol</li>
<li>It is used on production of carbon black which is further used in making printing ink</li>
</ul>
<p>Ethane: Ethane is 2nd member of alkane group. It is found with methane in mineral oil, coal mine and natural gas. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. Ethane is insoluble in water but soluble in ether and alcohol.<br />
Uses of ethane</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used in welding purpose</li>
<li>It is used make carbonic compounds like ethyl chloride, synthetic ethyl alcohol, nitroethane etc</li>
</ul>
<p>Propane: Propane is third member of alkane group. It is found with methane in mineral oil, coal mine and natural gas. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. Ethane is insoluble in water but soluble in ether and alcohol.<br />
Uses of Propane</p>
<ul>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt7L_2Ky-ogpICV7UrpYjC6j6OLwFUadhcZDJa0W2m7A1BRJxnnMU08-Uw0bafPr5xcxXGIHVZyMhUCPqM0xaoUlWqvF6TzjEGvOa-X7rR-semFNZUZFise7Q2cO3oeWQPnAmm8b_GzpGM/s230/lighter.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt7L_2Ky-ogpICV7UrpYjC6j6OLwFUadhcZDJa0W2m7A1BRJxnnMU08-Uw0bafPr5xcxXGIHVZyMhUCPqM0xaoUlWqvF6TzjEGvOa-X7rR-semFNZUZFise7Q2cO3oeWQPnAmm8b_GzpGM/s0/lighter.jpg" /></a><li>Used as fuel</li>
<li>Used to make other carbonic compounds</li>
<li>Used as cooling agent on petroleum industries</li>
</ul>
<p>Butane: Butane is the fourth member of alkane group. It is found in mineral oil, and natural gas. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. Ethane is insoluble in water but soluble in ether and alcohol.<br />
Uses of butane: </p>
<ul>
<li>It is used as LPG gas by mixing with methane</li>
<li>It is used make synthetic rubber</li><li>it is used as portable lighter fuel</li>
</ul><div>Read <a href="http://www.landnepal.com.np/2020/09/alcohol-and-glycerol.html">Alcohol and Glycerol</a> on next post</div>
<p> </p>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-85880132862485668552020-09-07T23:34:00.005-07:002020-09-07T23:51:25.321-07:00Hydrocarbons<p><span style="color: #181512; font-family: arial;">Organic compound, any
of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are
covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen,
or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organic include
carbides, carbonates, bicarbonate and cyanides.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #181512; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hydrocarbon: The
compounds formed by the combination of carbon and hydrogen are called
hydrocarbon. The major source of hydrocarbon compound is mineral oil.
Hydrocarbons are classified to two main categories according the bond between
carbon and carbon atom.</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #181512; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<b>Saturated
hydrocarbons</b>: if there is only one bond between carbon and carbon atom then
such type of compounds are called saturated hydrocarbons. The meaning of
saturated means nothing can be added further there. They are so stable in
nature and hence are also called paraffins. They are also called alkanes. There
general formula is C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2. </sub></span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Examples are methane, ethane, propane, butane
etc.<o:p style="font-size: 13.5pt;"></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnGUtzfEoHJLAVJCgSI9knuuf7UmGv04EUr_r0qX6ilQpten8Rtvw7yQNVw73pZaAHNaj6svzlKw9ha2yvJUFuGnJUHBgh-A_gmZMdWVKlt-hl-mgqcCiJzsjmLJ_UoJA0eQTO_ptEAaiL/s555/alkanes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnGUtzfEoHJLAVJCgSI9knuuf7UmGv04EUr_r0qX6ilQpten8Rtvw7yQNVw73pZaAHNaj6svzlKw9ha2yvJUFuGnJUHBgh-A_gmZMdWVKlt-hl-mgqcCiJzsjmLJ_UoJA0eQTO_ptEAaiL/s16000/alkanes.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #181512; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. <b>Unsaturated
hydrocarbon</b>: If there is more than one covalent bond between carbon and
carbon atom in hydrocarbon then they are called unsaturated hydrocarbon. It
means some element can be added there. They are unstable in
nature. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are further classified into two
types, alkene and alkyne.</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: #181512; font-family: arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alkene</span></b><span style="color: #181512; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: arial;">: If there is double bond between carbon and
carbon atom, such hydrocarbons are called alkenes. They are also called
olefines and their general formula is C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>, where value
of n starts from 2.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkhYR3D7T5WE1xkzDspDGjVXCRe0GS7eW-7TOMZvyF3OJIFjyacoMxFJE-VIVVqNikHu69bOmBBAbh9-vt0RMjljD5TThwK4t1ujGqDB5oqPa4ggGu_shV4uXUXzgBs9HjGs2tCmPcELpO/s555/alkene.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkhYR3D7T5WE1xkzDspDGjVXCRe0GS7eW-7TOMZvyF3OJIFjyacoMxFJE-VIVVqNikHu69bOmBBAbh9-vt0RMjljD5TThwK4t1ujGqDB5oqPa4ggGu_shV4uXUXzgBs9HjGs2tCmPcELpO/s16000/alkene.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #181512; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #181512;">Alkynes</span></b><span style="color: #181512;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> are the hydrocarbon compounds having at least one
triple bond between carbon carbon atom. They are also called acetylenes. They
are represented by general formula C</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #181512;">n</span></sub><span style="color: #181512;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #181512;">2n-2</span></sub></span><span style="color: #181512;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-family: arial; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> where value of n starts from 2.</span><o:p style="font-size: 13.5pt;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #181512; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ClkPM3QjhLDhnXzN0OkI1MtfCBDlXuUcRsrqE0YwMDWAZrjWUtXqoU5XawjxVUzzCBGiNmH3fSBagUCdVSvZz7H-y-pIDybZWXo5CWXSMiO0PIiQ5L7pRW-ybwwd9rXLEHMjzvJTn4jy/s555/alkyne.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ClkPM3QjhLDhnXzN0OkI1MtfCBDlXuUcRsrqE0YwMDWAZrjWUtXqoU5XawjxVUzzCBGiNmH3fSBagUCdVSvZz7H-y-pIDybZWXo5CWXSMiO0PIiQ5L7pRW-ybwwd9rXLEHMjzvJTn4jy/s16000/alkyne.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #181512; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Homologous series</span></b><span style="color: #181512;">: the group of hydrocarbon compound which can
be expressed by single formula is called homologous series. <span style="background: white;">For example, methane, ethane, and propane are part of
a homologous series. The only difference among these molecules is that they
have different numbers of CH</span><sub>2</sub> groups. Each member of a
homologous series is called a <b>homologue</b>, which can also be spelled
''homolog.'' For example, methane and ethane are homologues and belong to the
same homologous series. They differ from each other by one CH<sub>2</sub> group.
The formula of methane is CH<sub>4</sub> and the formula of ethane is C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>6</sub>.</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: #181512; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alkyl radical</span></b><span style="color: #181512; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: The group of atoms(or radical) formed by
removing one hydrogen from alkane is called alkyl radical. For example removing
one hydrogen from methane(CH<sub>4</sub>) creates CH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> radical
and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CH</span><sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - </span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H → CH</span><sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></sub><sup><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+</span></sup><span style="color: #181512; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C</span><sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - </span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H → C</span><sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H</span><sub><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></sub><sup><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+</span></sup></span><span style="color: #181512; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1a1a1a;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Functional group</b> is a
group of atoms responsible for the characteristic behavior of the class of
compounds in which the group occurs, as the hydroxyl group in alcohols, oxygen
in ether etc.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-71525459716537312922020-09-07T03:18:00.005-07:002020-09-07T16:30:43.994-07:00Gold<p>The symbol of gold is Au which is driven from the Latin word
Aurum. Its atomic number is 79 and atomic weight is 197.2. Its electronic
configuration is as shown below</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Shell </p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">K</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">L</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">M</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.4pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">N</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> O</o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">P</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Number of electrons</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">8</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">18</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.4pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">32</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">18</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Orbitals</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1s<sup>2</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>10</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.4pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">4S<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>6</sup>4d<sup>10</sup>4f<sup>14</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.7pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">5s<sup>2</sup>5p<sup>6</sup>5d<sup>10</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.4pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">6s<sup>1</sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">Position of Gold in periodic table: Gold has one valence electron
and its valency is 1 or 3. It falls in group IB of periodic table and on 6<sup>th</sup>
period under d-block elements. It can make aurous ion(Au<sup>+</sup>) by
loosing 1 electron or auric ion(Au<sup>+++</sup>) by loosing three electrons.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Occurrence: Gold is generally found in free state with
quartz or river sand. Its major ore is calverite(AuTe<sub>2</sub>)</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkR0JulpPGG3HEUS0-N34ofwfAGaBuvo40ifMqVQ46Y6U2qmx6Jep7Y8RvQtQZOQJxfgHrz3ot7AcqxrwZANUSLcTxGqrPcBfmoRPJwS7unr9Dth0z_aVuLU8ZWYG_tZVeQmqab-Ser3Ml/s268/goldmedal.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkR0JulpPGG3HEUS0-N34ofwfAGaBuvo40ifMqVQ46Y6U2qmx6Jep7Y8RvQtQZOQJxfgHrz3ot7AcqxrwZANUSLcTxGqrPcBfmoRPJwS7unr9Dth0z_aVuLU8ZWYG_tZVeQmqab-Ser3Ml/s0/goldmedal.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Physical properties of Gold:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is soft and shiny yellow colored metal</li>
<li>Its specific gravity is 19.3</li>
<li>Its melting point is 1063<sup><span style="color: #181512; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">o</span></sup><span style="color: #181512;">C</span> and boiling point is 2530<sup><span style="color: #181512; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">o</span></sup><span style="color: #181512;">C</span></li>
<li>It is very less reactive metal</li>
<li>It is very good conductor of heat and electricity</li>
</ul>
<p>Uses of Gold:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used to make ornaments</li>
<li>It is used to make gold coins</li>
<li>It is used to make gold medals</li>
<li>It is used to make decorative materials</li>
<li>It is used to make statues of god and goddess</li>
<li>It is used to make gold leaf electroscope</li>
<li>It is used to make medicines</li>
<li>It is used to make photographic chemicals</li>
<li>It is used in gold plating</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-73742573334122090562020-09-07T02:38:00.001-07:002020-09-07T02:53:55.750-07:00Silver<p>The symbol of silver ig Ag which is driven from the Latin
word Argentum which means shiny and lustrous. Its atomic number is 47 and
atomic weight is 107.88. Its electronic configuration is as shown below</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.05pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Shell </p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">K</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">L</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">M</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">N</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">O</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.05pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Number of electrons</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">8</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">18</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">18</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.05pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Orbitals</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1s<sup>2</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>10</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">4S<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>6</sup>4d<sup>10</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">5s<sup>1</sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">Position of silver in periodic table: Silver has one
electron on its valence cell. Its position is in Group IB of periodic table and
falls on 5<sup>th</sup> period of d-block element. Its valency is 1. By loosing
1 electron it forms Ag<sup>+</sup> ion.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Occurrence: Silver is found in nature on pure as well as in
the form of different ores. Major ores of silver are, argentite, silver glance,
horn silver, silver copper glance etc. The major ore is argentite among them.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwEX6zCd64HBZdtiLFaMzoVcvbSR_TaGz6qcdV8mpf1gBPt9TeZt998Q0jCsd0YLb8XD91mOPwMMElV2FSoSCvtdH8PT2Y-OLtkv0HaL0g1P8HTSUhiviNmK0s9H2jv-m9UVyu8V1-bJ56/s555/silverornament.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwEX6zCd64HBZdtiLFaMzoVcvbSR_TaGz6qcdV8mpf1gBPt9TeZt998Q0jCsd0YLb8XD91mOPwMMElV2FSoSCvtdH8PT2Y-OLtkv0HaL0g1P8HTSUhiviNmK0s9H2jv-m9UVyu8V1-bJ56/s320/silverornament.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Physical properties of Silver:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is shiny white metal with attractive luster</li>
<li>Its specific gravity is 10.5</li>
<li>Silver melts on 960<sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C</span> and boils at 1955<sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C</span></li>
<li>It is very good conductor of heat and electricity</li>
<li>It is malleable ductile in nature</li>
</ul>
<p>Uses of silver:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used to make ornaments</li>
<li>It is used to make silver coins</li>
<li>It is used to make decorative materials</li>
<li>It is used to polish mirrors</li>
<li>It is used to make silver amalgams</li>
<li>Silver oxide used to make calculator batteries</li>
<li>It is used to make silver salts</li>
<li>It is used in electroplating</li>
<li>It is used to make expensive utensils</li>
<li>Silver bromides are widely used as photography chemicals</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-86202473731123452242020-09-07T02:15:00.005-07:002020-09-07T02:22:10.744-07:00Copper<p> The symbol of copper is Cu which is driven from Latin name
cuprum. Its atomic number is 29, atomic weight is 63.57 and electronic
configuration is as shown below.</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.05pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Shell </p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">K</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">L</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">M</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">N</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.05pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Number of electrons</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">8</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">18</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.05pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Orbitals</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.35pt;" valign="top" width="52">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1s<sup>2</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>10</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">4S<sup>1</sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">Position of copper in periodic table: Copper has one
electron on its valence cell.its position is in Group IB of periodic table and
falls on 4<sup>th</sup> period of d-block element. Its valency is 1 or 2. By loosing
1 electron it forms cuprous ion(Cu<sup>+</sup>) or by loosing 2 electrons forms
cupric ion(Cu<sup>++</sup>).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Occurrence: copper is found in nature on pure state as well as in
the form of different ores. Major ores of copper are, copper pyrite, coppel
glance, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite etc. most of the copper is produced
from copper pyrite.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnH7uVLv90t4Gvw6DxK6ZOL3YbsdQFMLfGeBY7jYb3B2sJVpqx9s-eXRmWW2FOUstwWBeYrJN95gMNuDYT34kLOZicRbDS8cXQNY0rPgVnpB0g1lYCoWMRPceVhGGpd30UEqQztiXqTYiC/s555/copperore.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnH7uVLv90t4Gvw6DxK6ZOL3YbsdQFMLfGeBY7jYb3B2sJVpqx9s-eXRmWW2FOUstwWBeYrJN95gMNuDYT34kLOZicRbDS8cXQNY0rPgVnpB0g1lYCoWMRPceVhGGpd30UEqQztiXqTYiC/s16000/copperore.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p>Physical properties of copper:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is brown red shiny metal</li>
<li>It is very good conductor of heat and electricity</li>
<li>Its specific gravity is 8.95</li>
<li>Its melting point is 1083<sup><span face="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup><span face="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C</span> and boiling point is 2350<sup><span face="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup><span face="" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C</span></li>
<li>It is soft, malleable and ductile in nature</li>
</ul>
<p>Uses of copper</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used to make coins</li>
<li>It is used to make utensils</li>
<li>It is used to make electrical wires and coils</li>
<li>It is used for copper plating on other metals</li>
<li>It is used to make positive electrodes on many electrolysis</li>
<li>It is used to make calorimeter</li>
<li>It is used to make many alloys like brass and bronze</li>
<li>It is used to make different chemicals like copper sulphate</li>
<li>It is used to make medicines and pesticides</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-2199037992495061132020-09-07T01:16:00.001-07:002020-09-07T01:46:42.210-07:00Aluminium<p> Aluminium is abundant metal in earth’s crust.<b><i><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></b><em><span face="" style="background: white; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Aluminium</span></em><span style="background: white;"> is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic
number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic and ductile metal in the
boron group. Its electronic configuration is as below</span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Shell </p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">K</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">L</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">m</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Number of electrons</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">8</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">3</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Orbitals</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1s<sup>2</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>1</sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">Position of aluminium in periodic table: Aluminium has 3
valence electrons. So it is placed in group IIIA of periodic table. It falls on
p-block under 3<sup>rd</sup> period. Its valency is 3 and becomes Al<sup>+++</sup>
by donating three electrons.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">Occurrence of aluminium: in nature aluminium is not found in
free state but abundantly available in ore like bauxite(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.</sub>2H<sub>2</sub>O),
felspar(KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>), kaolin, alunite etc. As bauxite is
more abundant it is the main source of aluminium.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj52hmz3-A9WT_LalGW58JLfAsjUQrqlvD5ojzfEenfBvwOf2XcC2bUtWeErBh4E8rDCOKZ6BG9Jcv2WFKkNaFeFtwphoWDSml_NvVtVIAWtGJk4wQ-9mwOV4Su8VQSYuw9znw_QioZfdGw/s555/bauxite.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj52hmz3-A9WT_LalGW58JLfAsjUQrqlvD5ojzfEenfBvwOf2XcC2bUtWeErBh4E8rDCOKZ6BG9Jcv2WFKkNaFeFtwphoWDSml_NvVtVIAWtGJk4wQ-9mwOV4Su8VQSYuw9znw_QioZfdGw/s16000/bauxite.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p>Physical properties of aluminium</p>
<ul>
<li>It is white colored light metal</li>
<li>Its specific gravity is 2.7</li>
<li>It is good conductor of heat and electricity</li>
<li>Its melting point is about 660oc and boiling point is 1800oC.</li>
<li>It is malleable and ductile in nature</li>
</ul>
<p>Uses of aluminium</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used to make electrical wire on transmission line</li>
<li>Home use utensils are made from aluminium like pressure cooker and rice cooker</li>
<li>It is used to make photo frames</li>
<li>It is used to make partitions inside buildings</li>
<li>As it is light metal It is used to make aero plane body</li>
<li>Aluminium powder is used on making paint and small scale hydrogen production</li>
<li>It is used to make wrappers for wrapping food items like biscuits and chocolates</li>
<li>It is used to make coins</li>
<li>It is used to make alloys which are used to make bicycle frame</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-77692771635261294822020-09-06T23:13:00.005-07:002020-09-06T23:22:21.356-07:00Iron<p>Iron is abundantly available metal under earth’s crust. Its
symbol is Fe, atomic number is 26 and atomic weight is 56. In Latin language
iron is called ferrum. Electronic configuration if iron is as below.</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Shell </p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">K</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">L</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">M</p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">N</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Number of electrons</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">8</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">14</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.9pt;" valign="top" width="145">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Orbitals </p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1s<sup>2</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.05pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>6</sup></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">4s<sup>2</sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Position of Iron in
periodic table: Iron has 2 electrons of s orbital of valence shell. Generally such
metal would be placed on group IIA but it is placed on group VIII as it is a
transitional element. Its valency is 2 or 3. It can make ferrous ion(Fe<sup>++</sup>)
by donating 2 electrons or ferric ion(Fe<sup>+++</sup>) by giving 3 electrons
to other elements or radical.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Occurrence of iron: as it a reactive element it is rarely
found in free state but abundantly on compound states or in the form of ores.
Major ores of iron are hematite (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>),
iron pyrite (Fes<sub>2</sub>) etc and the major source of iron is hematite. Hematite
has about 72.5% of iron and most of the iron is produced from this ore.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDYb5_hV_0vaQIFMzcrqrSVHaa9PsxplfJezphs_7OEE4Gkp1d50VfKJbJx9PiZlgCjwsvPA-LXQNfIsuM6Ck3A7FrL7snGmTBfkZA_JcnITKotVA9HoresrwQ5H1RjiHfJNoK1XW2S_a4/s555/hematite.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDYb5_hV_0vaQIFMzcrqrSVHaa9PsxplfJezphs_7OEE4Gkp1d50VfKJbJx9PiZlgCjwsvPA-LXQNfIsuM6Ck3A7FrL7snGmTBfkZA_JcnITKotVA9HoresrwQ5H1RjiHfJNoK1XW2S_a4/s16000/hematite.jpg" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Physical properties of iron:</p>
<ul>
<li>Iron is a shiny ash white colored metal</li>
<li>It is good conductor of heat and electricity</li>
<li>Its specific gravity is 7.86</li>
<li>Its melting point is about 1500<sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C</span> and boiling point is about 2500<sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C</span>.</li>
<li>It is strong magnetic material(Ferromagnetic substance)</li>
<li>On heating to 770<sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C</span> temperature it looses its magnetic property</li>
<li>It is malleable and ductile</li>
</ul>
<p>Uses of iron:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used to make construction materials like Rods, Pipes, wire, nails etc</li>
<li>It is used to make railway strip</li>
<li>It is used to make almost all weapons</li>
<li>It is used to make stainless steel</li>
<li>It is used to make agricultural tools</li>
<li>It is used to make utensils</li>
<li>It is used as catalyst on many chemical reactions</li>
<li>Used to make engine and body of vehicles</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-67951713092771477312020-09-06T17:13:00.003-07:002020-09-06T17:22:58.727-07:00Salt<p>Salt is a compound formed by displacing hydrogen of acid by metal or any basic radical fully or partially. If the hydrogen of acid is fully displaced by metal or basic radical the salt formed is neutral salt. If the salt is formed by partial displacement of hydrogen of acid, the salt is called acidic salt. The compound formed by partial displacement of hydroxyl ion from base is called basic salt.<br />
Properties of salt:</p>
<ul>
<li>They have different tastes. Many salts have bitter taste. Some are tasteless</li>
<li>Their melting and boiling point is generally high</li>
<li>Most of the salts are soluble in water</li>
<li>Water soluble salts can be decomposed by electrolysis</li>
<li>Some salts are white and some are colorful</li>
<li>Some salts contain water molecule which are called hydrated salts</li>
</ul>
<p>Uses of salts</p>
<ul>
<li>NaCl: extraction of sodium metal, making food</li>
<li>Sodium Carbonate: making soap, detergent and glass</li>
<li>Sodium Bicarbonate: Making baking powder, to make fire extinguisher</li>
<li>Copper sulphate: electroplating of copper, as fungicide</li>
<li>Zinc sulphate: making medicine of eye</li>
<li>Calcium sulphate: making chalk and plaster of paris</li>
<li>Ammonium chloride: electrolyte of dry cell</li>
<li>Ammonium sulphate: chemical fertilizer etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>Neutralization Reaction: A neutralization reaction can be defined as <em>a chemical reaction in which an acid and base quantitatively react together to form a salt and water as products.</em></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJ60Ys0MRJyWuCH2EF511sOOpwLuNeYykQFiV-83FCM_uLCa1h974ny-f68DkDBGQ0di0Eg-g-ZkllxwVwRjWulPJ6VLttmKkFr4V0GqnF03a3xEBnyUFH4SprGbHQ5qys3asT1teDRz_/s555/neutralization.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjJ60Ys0MRJyWuCH2EF511sOOpwLuNeYykQFiV-83FCM_uLCa1h974ny-f68DkDBGQ0di0Eg-g-ZkllxwVwRjWulPJ6VLttmKkFr4V0GqnF03a3xEBnyUFH4SprGbHQ5qys3asT1teDRz_/s16000/neutralization.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><em>Utilities of Neutralization Reaction</em></p>
<ul>
<li>Farmers use lime to reduce acidity of soil</li>
<li>We use magnesium hydroxide to reduce acidity of stomach</li>
<li>On the bites of ant and bee formic acid is injected, to neutralize this we can use soap</li>
<li>On bite of some insect base is injected. To neutralize this acetic acid is used</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-43744710986981943872020-09-05T08:35:00.007-07:002020-09-06T16:28:11.911-07:00Base<p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBIug-n4pd0pjXbd2EGMApm5m7gcaYQmoimngfxDv6Y5a7k-tGcqIiwgJxC_uh8A2tmo29nswhPJrdxTOiDLTaZOWmVTcUa-KPDpkTl-R_86P7j2g3AAMU_AiO7h8MJUQa8S376Z7C_n1Y/s285/naOh.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBIug-n4pd0pjXbd2EGMApm5m7gcaYQmoimngfxDv6Y5a7k-tGcqIiwgJxC_uh8A2tmo29nswhPJrdxTOiDLTaZOWmVTcUa-KPDpkTl-R_86P7j2g3AAMU_AiO7h8MJUQa8S376Z7C_n1Y/s0/naOh.jpg" /></a>Bases are the substances which give hydroxyl ion(OH<sup>-</sup>)
in aqueous solution. Almost all bases are oxide or hydroxide of metals. Most of
bases form alkali on aqueous solution. That’s why <b><i>all alkali are base but all bases
are not alkali</i></b> because all bases do not dissolve in water.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Classification of bases: Bases are classified as strong and
weak base. The base which dissolve completely in water and gives sufficient amount of hydroxyl ion in aqueous solution are called strong bases. NaOH and KOH are example of strong bases. The bases which give little amount of hydroxyl ion on dissolving with water are weak base. for example Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub>OH</p><p class="MsoNormal">Properties of bases</p>
<ul>
<li>Bases have generally bitter taste and are slippery on touch</li>
<li>Solution of base turns red litmus to blue</li>
<li>Strong bases like NaOH and KOH dissolve with oil, fat and grease</li>
<li>Base react with acid to form salt and water</li>
<li>Solution of base(alkali) react with carbon dioxide to form carbonate</li></ul><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2NaOH + CO</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> → Na</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">CO</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> + H</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><ul>
<li>Bases react with ammonium salts to form ammonia</li>
</ul><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">NH</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Cl + NaOH → NH</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> + NaCl + H</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<p>Uses of bases</p>
<ul>
<li>NaOH: making soap, paper production, purification of mineral oil</li>
<li>KOH: making shampoo & saving cream</li>
<li>Ca(OH)2: production of bleaching powder</li>
<li>CaO: cement production, removing hardness of hard water</li>
<li>Mg(OH)2: reducing acidity on stomach</li>
<li>NH4OH: making chemical fertilizer, plastic production etc</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-23125847451307505862020-09-05T07:05:00.008-07:002020-09-05T07:53:23.786-07:00Acid<p>Acid are the substances which give hydrogen(H<sup>+</sup>) ion on aqueous solution. Acids are found in nature in different forms. In most of sour fruits acids are found such as</p>
<ul>
<li>Citric acid in lemon and orange</li>
<li>Tartaric acid in pomelo(भोगटे)</li>
<li>Ascorbic acid in gooseberry(Vitamin C)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitlf6GWl8L5DNGMr-X-pl7yw0__51cxx1Y9U1Shl3yauJA2jcin_D2fJf20WuecB_JCGxd6ASd6Yl_6NIamUEX0gT-OBkF30uqHZf2k62mb0S0NXZ2WpLy_bIf6BDB7IkuJlY1z26gFLdD/s220/lemon.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitlf6GWl8L5DNGMr-X-pl7yw0__51cxx1Y9U1Shl3yauJA2jcin_D2fJf20WuecB_JCGxd6ASd6Yl_6NIamUEX0gT-OBkF30uqHZf2k62mb0S0NXZ2WpLy_bIf6BDB7IkuJlY1z26gFLdD/s0/lemon.jpg" /></a></div><br /></li>
</ul><div><p class="MsoNormal">Similarly lactic acid in sour milk, fatty acid on fats, acetic
acid in vinegar etc. In laboratory mostly hard acids are used both organic and
inorganic. For example Nitric Acid(HNO<sub>3</sub>), sulfuric acid(H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>),
hydrochloric acid(HCl) etc.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">HCl → H</span><sup style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">+</span></sup><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> + Cl</span><sup style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">-<o:p></o:p></span></sup></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">SO</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> → 2H</span><sup style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">+</span></sup><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> + SO</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></sub><sup style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2-</span></sup><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">CH</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">COOH → H</span><sup style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">+</span></sup><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> + CH</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">COO</span><sup style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
<p>Acids are classified with two ways</p>
<ul>
<li>On the basis of sources acids are classified as organic and inorganic. Acids found on plants and animal body are said to be organic(except HCl found on our stomach). Citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid acetic acid etc are organic acids. Similarly hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid etc are inorganic acids.</li>
<li>On the basis of ionization capacity acids are classified as strong and weak acid. Strong acids liberate more hydrogen ion in aqueous solution than weak acids. Tartaric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid(H2CO3) etc are weak acid whereas HCL, H2SO4, HNO3 are strong acids.</li>
</ul>
<p>Properties of acids</p>
<ul>
<li>Acids give H+ ion in aqueous solution</li>
<li>Generally acids have sour taste.</li>
<li>Acids burn skin</li>
<li>Metals react with acid and hydrogen is displaced</li>
<li>Acids reacts with carbonate and bicarbonates to form carbondioxide</li>
<li>Acids react with bases to form salt and water</li>
</ul>
<p>Uses of acids</p>
<ul>
<li>Sulfuric acid: in lead acid battery, in industries</li>
<li>Hydrochloric acid: industrial use, to kill germs in our stomach</li>
<li>Nitric acid: industrial use, metal etching</li>
<li>Carbonic acid: making soda water</li>
<li>Acetic acid: making pickles, chatpate(चटपटे)</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-15164824539658847612020-09-05T05:12:00.008-07:002020-09-05T05:45:35.951-07:00Chemical Reaction<p><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">A </span>chemical
reaction is a process in which a <span style="background: white;">chemical transformation<span style="color: #202122;"> takes place of one set of </span></span>chemical</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqMfXqjdP2YYaUMozsg1vDoe5-n86s975-9EVrsVP7xbQGrJiMJ-t26vNsQ0n8Txp0AHe6_0azndPVwA0zgiiotwRuFzb5MLz8GqFc1oWBwg9gZCfQLr5qyFB71E3Sr8EAqXXoBO7HZiH8/s220/water.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqMfXqjdP2YYaUMozsg1vDoe5-n86s975-9EVrsVP7xbQGrJiMJ-t26vNsQ0n8Txp0AHe6_0azndPVwA0zgiiotwRuFzb5MLz8GqFc1oWBwg9gZCfQLr5qyFB71E3Sr8EAqXXoBO7HZiH8/s0/water.jpg" /></a></div><br />
substances<span style="color: #202122;"> to another.</span> This may combine
two or more substances to single substance or vice versa. The substances before
transformation are called reactants and substance formed after transformation
are called products. There are four major types of chemical reactions as listed
below<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>1. Combination reaction</b>: In this reaction two or more
substances combine to form a single substance. For example</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">2H</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + O</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → 2H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">2K + Cl</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → 2KCl</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">N</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + 3H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → 2NH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">4Fe + 3O</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → 2Fe</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>2. Decomposition Reaction</b>: In this reaction single substance
breaks down to two or more substances. For example</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">CaCO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → CaO + CO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></sub></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">NH</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">OH → NH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">2KClO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → 2KCl + 3O</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2 <o:p></o:p></span></sub></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><b>3. Displacement reaction</b>: </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Displacement
reaction</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> is a chemical </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">reaction</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> in which a more reactive element displaces a less
reactive element from its compound. Both metals and non-metals take part in </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">displacement reactions</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.</span> Foe examples<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">2K + 2HCl → 2KCl + H</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">Ca + H</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">SO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → CaSO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">Zn + H</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">SO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → ZnSO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">NaCl + AgNO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → NaNo</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + AgCl</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><b>4. Acid-Base Reaction</b>: The chemical reaction between acid and base is
called acid-base reaction. In almost cases the products are salt and water.for
examples<o:p style="font-size: 9.5pt;"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">HNO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + KOH → KNO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">2HCl + CaO → CaCl</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">H</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">SO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + FeO → FeSO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p>Factors affecting chemical reaction: </p>
<ol>
<li>Temperature: Generally increase of temperature causes increase in rate of chemical reaction because increase of temperature causes increase in internal kinetic energy of reactants and collision process becomes faster. </li>
<li>Pressure: In general increase in pressure causes increase in rate of chemical reaction especially in case of gases. </li>
<li>Area of contact: Area of contact between reacting substances increases rate of chemical reaction. </li>
<li>Light: Some silver compounds react in presence of light. Photosynthesis takes place in presence of light. </li>
<li>Catalyst: The substance which increases the rate of reaction is called catalyst. In many reactions catalyst play key role. For example hydrogen peroxide decomposes by catalyst manganese dioxide. </li>
<li>Concentration of solution: Increase of concentration of reactant solution generally increases rate of chemical reaction. </li>
</ol>
<p><b>Endothermic reaction</b>: The chemical reaction which takes place by absorbing heat is called endothermic reaction. For example, production of Lime from limestone.</p><p><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 13.8px; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">CaCO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 11.5px; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 13.8px; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2;"> → CaO + CO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 11.5px; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><br /><b>
Exothermic Reaction</b>: The chemical reaction in which heat is released is called exothermic reaction. For example reaction of quick lime with water.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">CaO + H</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">O → Ca(OH)</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> + Heat</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-48701286344899635562020-09-05T02:56:00.002-07:002020-09-05T02:57:51.637-07:00Reactivity of Elements<p>In every group of periodic table reactivity of elements either increases or decreases from top to bottom. In case of metal reactivity increases from top to bottom and that decreases in case of non metals. The reactivity of element depend upon two major factors</p>
<ul>
<li>The number of electrons in outermost orbit</li>
<li>Radius of atom</li>
</ul>
<p>Reactivity of metals: In general reactivity of metallic element increases from top to bottom in the group of periodic table. As we move from top to bottom radius of atom increases and hence probability of losing electron from outermost orbit also increases as the distance of free electron from nucleus become high and electrostatic force between nucleus and the free electron becomes weak.<br />
Q. Why potassium is more reactive than sodium?<br />
Ans: As potassium is larger than sodium, potassium's valence electron is at a greater distance from the attractive nucleus and is so removed more easily than sodium's valence electron. As it is removed more easily, it requires less energy, and can be said to be more reactive. <br />
Reactivity of non-metals: In case of metal it is most reactive if it has valence electron 1 or valency 1 but in case of non metal most reactive one is that which has number valence electrons 7 and valency 1. Unlike in case of metal, reactivity of non metal in a group as we move from top to bottom. The cause same as explained above but opposite with radius of atom. As we move from top to bottom in a group atomic radius increases and capacity of pulling external electron dcreases.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdOHmHdXXsRomPZahHlp1UvDSl7SprRhvCUdlUql6LcQkTTBnqKXXco7KcTAIRCmVDVOI9KIxE09WGWGUeZHrpC3t9WNUZiI8lifngcoLtFm5c3RCnAIxxsmU3bXwkcUJ4kVWjODB9dtDn/s555/K-Na.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdOHmHdXXsRomPZahHlp1UvDSl7SprRhvCUdlUql6LcQkTTBnqKXXco7KcTAIRCmVDVOI9KIxE09WGWGUeZHrpC3t9WNUZiI8lifngcoLtFm5c3RCnAIxxsmU3bXwkcUJ4kVWjODB9dtDn/s16000/K-Na.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br />
Q. Why is fluorine more reactive than chlorine? <br />
Ans: This is because the valence/bonding electrons are closer to the nucleus in Fluorine than they are Chlorine and others and thus more strongly attracted. Fluorine is most electronegative, thus it is most reactive.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSqY4t4B9h10_5DbRt-PPIS173mkN5kFhj2SfEIPKzrOETFB-TU5B3JnTbu_d3YkfJiDQ5Ca-O1kQNtmjOFITofMWDFYSD_toZSIOTv9tcyTxCKztNpV0zYnZxEWECRpeY6qhVP5Z87Ng5/s367/FCl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSqY4t4B9h10_5DbRt-PPIS173mkN5kFhj2SfEIPKzrOETFB-TU5B3JnTbu_d3YkfJiDQ5Ca-O1kQNtmjOFITofMWDFYSD_toZSIOTv9tcyTxCKztNpV0zYnZxEWECRpeY6qhVP5Z87Ng5/s16000/FCl.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-23103892844133859032020-09-04T21:06:00.010-07:002020-09-07T01:03:59.178-07:00Modern Periodic Table<p>Modern periodic table : Scientists kept on the research of finding the solution of the drawbacks found</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglDcKrDV40hQ-y7WnBnpI71qqU1HzXfmlnSRNHP9hsTqJfV_Qu6qInc4UiBrh19Riazm3xLEbIDY_c44Z_P-6twfeXlKjgZlGLItrqnpKdAaQcIrsSbbplBfHHTTVazmZDzMwODA3xLHL_/s131/moseley.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="131" data-original-width="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglDcKrDV40hQ-y7WnBnpI71qqU1HzXfmlnSRNHP9hsTqJfV_Qu6qInc4UiBrh19Riazm3xLEbIDY_c44Z_P-6twfeXlKjgZlGLItrqnpKdAaQcIrsSbbplBfHHTTVazmZDzMwODA3xLHL_/s16000/moseley.jpg" /></a></div><br /> on Mendeleev’s periodic table. In 1913 Henery Moseley found that the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic number and not like as stated by Mendeleev.On the basis of this principle he published new periodic table which is known as <em>Modern Periodic Table.</em><br />
Modern periodic rule: the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.<br />
Features of modern periodic table:<p></p>
<ul>
<li>There are seven periods on modern periodic table and the feature is like below</li></ul><div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 560px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.5pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Period<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.4pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">First<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.2pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Second<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Third<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fourth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fifth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sixth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seventh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.5pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No of elements<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.4pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.2pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.5pt;" valign="top" width="113">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Feature of period<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.4pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Very short<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.2pt;" valign="top" width="63">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Short<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.5pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Short<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.8pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Long<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Long<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Very long<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Incomplete long<o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p></div><ul><li> There are 9 groups along with group VIII and group 0</li></ul><ul>
<li>The <strong>lanthanide</strong> series includes elements 58 to 71, which fill their 4f sublevel progressively. The <strong>actinides</strong> are elements 89 to 103 and fill their 5f sublevel progressively. </li>
<li>The elements with valency 0 are placed on last group of periodic table(18), which are called elements of zero group</li>
<li>10 elements from group IIIB to group IIB are placed between reactive metals and non metals. They are called <em>Transition Elements</em>. </li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5WBIXpePpj6j8OFlARxlP_nLhzkMDJqLI-zNX63NdeMqOKeDwheUY3lfrllRj50Zn5AONTzcGFZ8BYZfnCO69mAMK4UcImWhY9gQdYEebHakOFHbBekEtvPumIBBNE4iP5_JJTrc3gWY5/s555/Modern+periodictable.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5WBIXpePpj6j8OFlARxlP_nLhzkMDJqLI-zNX63NdeMqOKeDwheUY3lfrllRj50Zn5AONTzcGFZ8BYZfnCO69mAMK4UcImWhY9gQdYEebHakOFHbBekEtvPumIBBNE4iP5_JJTrc3gWY5/s16000/Modern+periodictable.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-29337425639539375752020-09-04T19:57:00.007-07:002020-09-04T20:03:58.036-07:00Mendeleev's Periodic Table<p>Till now about 118 elements are found in nature. About 150 years ago new elements were found day to</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm8llnax7cKyAIS-XXj3bkHc6AzOc9NvjJKWd4S1FlkPCCH0oVcWR9OHrhIA9HNgStpcua9_6ghQZYIxfOfMF7ny-A4DPUe3yfrNEYw3T33m67ehBF7OzqrulSOqdc-z4iU3drVstBH9T8/s232/mendelev.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm8llnax7cKyAIS-XXj3bkHc6AzOc9NvjJKWd4S1FlkPCCH0oVcWR9OHrhIA9HNgStpcua9_6ghQZYIxfOfMF7ny-A4DPUe3yfrNEYw3T33m67ehBF7OzqrulSOqdc-z4iU3drVstBH9T8/s0/mendelev.jpg" /></a></div><br /> day and their physical and chemical properties were different. To study their properties it was going to be nuisance task. So scientists started classifying them according to their physical and chemical properties. They formed a table by classification of elements which is known as periodic table.<br />
Mendeleev’s periodic Table: The first periodic table was published by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. It was published under Mendeleev’s periodic law which states that “ The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic weight”. Which explains that after certain number of elements, going on increase of atomic weight, similar element repeats(with similar properties). The elements on horizontal row were called period and elements on vertical column were called group.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg564iwKQ8h-LfhS9fS9-xoqu-MfSEY-Tc5DQAz93ZWl2xzbV4Vo48965kqHDz0jidxw8vTikzthn_s-ouHfAcKCqznNCv5arvMcSJNftrbHdxIaCv630E5BXG0_jjsnoRZxFfsQfG415cH/s555/medeleev.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg564iwKQ8h-LfhS9fS9-xoqu-MfSEY-Tc5DQAz93ZWl2xzbV4Vo48965kqHDz0jidxw8vTikzthn_s-ouHfAcKCqznNCv5arvMcSJNftrbHdxIaCv630E5BXG0_jjsnoRZxFfsQfG415cH/s16000/medeleev.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p>Importance of Mendeleev’s periodic table:</p>
<ul>
<li>It was the first event to study elements by classification</li>
<li>Space was provided to the elements which were not discovered</li>
<li>It made easy to do correction of atomic weight of several elements like gold, platinum, uranium etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>Drawbacks of Mendeleev’s periodic table:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hydrogen was placed in group I with alkali metal though it was a non metal.</li>
<li>Highly reactive alkali metals like Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na) and potassium(K) were placed with less reactive metals like copper, silver and gold.</li>
<li>Cobalt was placed before Nickel though atomic weight of Ni was less than that of Co.</li>
</ul>
Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-81211464975461536742020-09-03T03:19:00.013-07:002020-09-03T06:59:26.082-07:00Ammonia II<p> <span style="background-color: white;"><b>Chemical Properties of
ammonia gas</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;">1. When dissolved in water it
forms an alkali ammonium hydroxide.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">NH</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O → NH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">OH</span></span></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;">2. Ammonia reacts with acids
to form salt.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">2NH</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">SO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → (NH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">)</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">SO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;">3. Aqueous solution of
ammonia(Ammonium Hydroxide) reacts with acids to form salt and water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">NH</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">OH + HCl → NH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Cl + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span></span></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;">4. When ammonia reacts with
hydrogen chloride, solid ammonium chloride is formed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">NH</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + HCl → NH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Cl</span></span></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;">5. If ammonia is heated with
carbon dioxide under pressure and temperature of 1500<sup>o</sup>C, a chemical
fertilizer urea is formed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">2NH</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + CO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → NH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">CONH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub></span><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: x-small; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span> </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;">6. If ammonia is reacted with
oxygen, nitrogen gas is formed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">4NH</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + 3O</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → 2N</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + 6H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span></span></span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; font-family: arial;"><b>Uses of ammonia gas:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">1. Liquid ammonia is used as
cooling agent in refrigerator</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">2. Ammonia is used to make
blue prints of land maps</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">3. It is used in production
of chemical fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate etc</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">4. It is used in
manufacturing of nitric acid</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">5. It is used in plastic
production</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">6. It is used to make washing
soda</span><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">7. It is used as cleansing
agent to wash grease</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;">8. It is used on
manufacturing of ammonium chloride which is electrolyte of dry cell</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></p></span></span></span><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJXbAwbkPIvG2BwofMWlF3OH6Ba_379YJJqC8s-7dRYEqoA8pruOcDSu4R16Sw5ebTaQa4HA_nNCfHKMz2kW_Fn2NdXKsYdBNRuzESxR9XQfwV51koyaY545KEp8Yp46yiyB6YJMp0dm9-/s555/urea1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJXbAwbkPIvG2BwofMWlF3OH6Ba_379YJJqC8s-7dRYEqoA8pruOcDSu4R16Sw5ebTaQa4HA_nNCfHKMz2kW_Fn2NdXKsYdBNRuzESxR9XQfwV51koyaY545KEp8Yp46yiyB6YJMp0dm9-/s16000/urea1.jpg" /></a></div><p></p></span></span><p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-76656221072000089012020-09-03T02:37:00.009-07:002020-09-03T03:20:16.259-07:00Ammonia<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #604660;">Ammonia has molecular weight of 17 amu. It is formed by the
combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gases. For the first time ammonia was
prepared by Lavoisier by heating the mixture of ammonium chloride and calcium
hydroxide. Some soil bacteria create natural ammonia underground. Ammonia is
also formed when protein rich materials decay in absence of oxygen. In the form
of compounds it is found on ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ammonia was first discovered by the ancient
Egyptians, the Egyptians found this chemical compound by accident as
it occurs naturally in cracks near volcanoes, and when it is warmed it
decomposes into the pungent ammonia. This was then used in their religious
rites. The worshippers of the Egyptian god Amun - known as
the Ammonians named this chemical compound 'Ammonia'.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia gas:</b> As shown in fig below,
ammonia is prepared by heating ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide in 2:1
ratio on hard glass test tube. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">2NH</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Cl + Ca(OH)</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → CaCl</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + 2H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O + 2NH</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></sub></p><p class="MsoNormal"><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></sub></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoVRTtmc5njR8nnnz3_zdhJkjuxaLeWLwSPrgzqXdshPko58Epl6DBE9of-PBLjwwZs74MXrJPndnbBSFXjWohUzvBUw8QX_Fv_swIXootxdS8iXXMqs9BpTVCu2DnGp6Bcp6sYb1lJrr5/s555/ammonia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoVRTtmc5njR8nnnz3_zdhJkjuxaLeWLwSPrgzqXdshPko58Epl6DBE9of-PBLjwwZs74MXrJPndnbBSFXjWohUzvBUw8QX_Fv_swIXootxdS8iXXMqs9BpTVCu2DnGp6Bcp6sYb1lJrr5/s16000/ammonia.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">As shown in fig, when delivery tube is heated ammonia gas is formed and passes through delivery tube. To collect fully dry gas it is passed through calcium oxide tower. Via another delivery tube gas is collected on inverted gas jar as it is lighter than air.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Manufacturing of Ammonia gas:</b> In large scale ammonia is
obtained by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen in 1:3 ratio under the temperature
of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #604660;">500</span><sup style="color: #604660;">o</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #604660;">C</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #604660;">, pressure of 200 to 300 atm on the presence of iron as catalyst and molybdenum
as promoter. This process is also called </span><b style="color: #604660;">Haber’s Process</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #604660;">.</span></p>
<div class="eqrow">
<div class="eqnum"> N<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub>
<span class="dblarrow">→</span>
2NH<sub>3</sub></div>
<div class="eqnum"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Physical Properties of Ammonia</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. It is colorless gas
with strong smell and tears on eye<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. It is lighter than air<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. It is highly soluble in water <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. It forms alkali when dissolved in water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5. It is neither combustible nor supports combustion<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #604660; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Read <a href="http://www.landnepal.com.np/2020/09/ammonia-ii.html">Chemical Properties and Uses of ammonia</a> in next post.</span></p></div></div></div><p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-941762972227647746.post-46898769938354385592020-09-03T00:38:00.011-07:002020-09-03T05:58:56.941-07:00Carbon Dioxide II<p> <b>Chemical Properties of CO<sub>2</sub> gas.</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carbon dioxide reacts
with potassium hydroxide to form potassium carbonate</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"> 2KOH + CO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → K</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">CO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub></span><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: x-small; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span><o:p style="font-size: 10pt;"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carbon dioxide is
not combustible but magnesium ribbon keeps on burning on its environment to
form magnesium oxide and carbon is released.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"> 2Mg + CO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub></span><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: x-small; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → 2MgO + C</span><o:p style="font-size: 10.5pt;"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3. If carbon dioxide is sent to clear lime water it turns
mlky white due to formation of insoluble calcium carbonate</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"> Ca(OH)</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + CO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> → CaCO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But if CO<sub>2</sub> is passed for long time it again turns
to colourless due to formation of soluble calcium bicarbonate</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"> CaCO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + CO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O → Ca(HCO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">)</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4. Plants use carbon dioxide with water in presence of
chlorophyll to make glucose</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"> 6CO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + 6H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O → C</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">6</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">12</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">6</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + 6O</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5. When carbon dioxide is heated with hot red coke at <span style="font-size: x-small;">900<sup>o</sup>C</span>,
carbon monoxide is formed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"> CO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + C → 2CO</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6. Carbon dioxide when dissolved with water, carbonic acid
is formed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"> CO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> + H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">O → H</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">CO</span></span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;">3</span></sub></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfonCtEae_R47kt21f7vPBkTcWeOmUI8kLm9NHHWdPzaG0BwisVpLVMkTsQv_G4Mfn4McBa3x7UafwzhRY1qcxcT1fOTTPJwdd0U519mYJjtKxO86aU6MEb3dmxs-8lGiLQvM75OH1fXj0/s397/fireExt.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfonCtEae_R47kt21f7vPBkTcWeOmUI8kLm9NHHWdPzaG0BwisVpLVMkTsQv_G4Mfn4McBa3x7UafwzhRY1qcxcT1fOTTPJwdd0U519mYJjtKxO86aU6MEb3dmxs-8lGiLQvM75OH1fXj0/s320/fireExt.jpg" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="" style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Uses of CO<sub>2</sub> gas</b></p><p class="MsoNormal">1. To prepare beer, soda water and cold drinks</p><p class="MsoNormal">2. To prepare food by plants during photosynthesis</p><p class="MsoNormal">3. It is used as fire extinguisher in offices and industries </p><p class="MsoNormal">For the quick formation of CO2 gas, baking soda powder and
concentrated sulphuric acid are kept
separately, when need for fire extinction, they are mixed by hitting the system
and reaction takes place</p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2NaHCO</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> + H</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">SO</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> → Na</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">SO</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> + 2H</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%;">O + CO</span><sub style="box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit;"><span face="" style="background: white; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">4. Liquid carbon dioxide is used in sugar mill for
carbonation</p><p class="MsoNormal">5. Solid carbon dioxide also called dry ice is used to keep
fruits, vegetable and meat fresh.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">6. CO<sub>2</sub> is used for making Urea(NH<sub>2</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>),
a chemical fertilizer and washing soda(Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Land Nepalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03579340865885221094noreply@blogger.com0