Alcohol and Glycerol

Alcohol: The compound formed by displacing one hydrogen of alkane by hydroxide is called alcohol. General formula of alcohol is C_nH_2n+1. Alcohols are classified by number of hydroxide present in compound. Monohydric alcohol if one hydroxide is present, dihydric alcohol if two hydroxides are present and trihydric if three hydroxides are present.

Methyl alcohol:  It is a monohydric alcohol formed by displacing one hydrogen in methane by one hydroxide. It is also called methanol. 

CH4  - H /+ OH → CH₃OH

Uses of Methyl alcohol:

• It is widely used to make methylated spirit
  
  
  
• It is used as solvent for different colors
• It is used to make synthetic fibers
• It is used to make colors and perfumes
• It is used to make medicines
• It is used to make formaldehyde and Bakelite
• It is use to disinfect syringes in hospitals
• Used as fuel in spirit lamp
• Used for dry clean

Ethyl alcohol:  it is a monohydric alcohol also known as ethanol. It is formed by displacing one hydrogen of alkane by a hydride ion(functional group)

C₂H₆ –H/+ OH → C₂H₅OH

Uses of ethyl alcohol:

• It is used to make alcoholic beverages like whisky, vodka, wine and beer
• Used as fuel in spirit lamp
• It is used to make alcohol thermometer
  
  
  
• Used to clean syringes in hospital
• Used to preserve biological specimen
• Used to make sanitizers
• It is used as solvent for resin, fat and oil
• It is used to make transparent soaps
• It is used to make polythene, terylene etc

Glycerol: It is a trihydric alcohol also known as glycerin. It is colorless with sweet taste and edible matter. Large amount of glycerol is obtained from soap industries as byproduct. It is highly soluble in water.
Uses of glycerol:

• Used preserve lips and skin from dryness
  
  
  
• It is used as sweetening agents
• It is used to make high quality soap, lotion, saving cream and cosmetics
• It is used to make printing ink
• It is used to preserve tobacco and fruits

Back to Hydrocarbons

Some Hydrocarbons and Uses

Methane:  Methane is the simplest aliphatic hydrocarbon in nature. It is found in marshy place so it is sometime called marsh gas. It is also found on upper layer of mineral oil. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It is insoluble in water but soluble in ether and alcohol.
Uses of methane:

• It is used as biogas in villages for cooking
• Used as fuel in industries
• Liquid methane is uses as rocket fuel
• It is used in industrial production of hydrogen gas
• It is used to make various organic compound like chloroform, carbon tetrachloride etc
• It is used to make methyl alcohol
• It is used on production of carbon black which is further used in making printing ink

Ethane:  Ethane is 2nd member of alkane group. It is found with methane in mineral oil, coal mine and natural gas. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. Ethane is insoluble in water but soluble in ether and alcohol.
Uses of ethane

• It is used in welding purpose
• It is used make carbonic compounds like ethyl chloride, synthetic ethyl alcohol, nitroethane etc

Propane: Propane is third member of alkane group. It is found with methane in mineral oil, coal mine and natural gas. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. Ethane is insoluble in water but soluble in ether and alcohol.
Uses of Propane

• Used as fuel
• Used to make other carbonic compounds
• Used as cooling agent on petroleum industries

Butane: Butane is the fourth member of alkane group. It is found in mineral oil, and natural gas. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. Ethane is insoluble in water but soluble in ether and alcohol.
Uses of butane:

• It is used as LPG gas by mixing with methane
• It is used make synthetic rubber
• it is used as portable lighter fuel

Read Alcohol and Glycerol on next post

 

Hydrocarbons

Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organic include carbides, carbonates, bicarbonate and cyanides.

Hydrocarbon:  The compounds formed by the combination of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbon. The major source of hydrocarbon compound is mineral oil. Hydrocarbons are classified to two main categories according the bond between carbon and carbon atom.

1.Saturated hydrocarbons: if there is only one bond between carbon and carbon atom then such type of compounds are called saturated hydrocarbons. The meaning of saturated means nothing can be added further there. They are so stable in nature and hence are also called paraffins. They are also called alkanes. There general formula is C_nH_2n+2. Examples are methane, ethane, propane, butane etc.

2. Unsaturated hydrocarbon: If there is more than one covalent bond between carbon and carbon atom in hydrocarbon then they are called unsaturated hydrocarbon. It means some element can be added there. They are unstable in nature.  Unsaturated hydrocarbons are further classified into two types, alkene and alkyne.

Alkene: If there is double bond between carbon and carbon atom, such hydrocarbons are called alkenes. They are also called olefines and their general formula is C_nH_2n, where value of n starts from 2.

Alkynes are the hydrocarbon compounds having at least one triple bond between carbon carbon atom. They are also called acetylenes. They are represented by general formula C_nH_2n-2 where value of n starts from 2.

Homologous series: the group of hydrocarbon compound which can be expressed by single formula is called homologous series. For example, methane, ethane, and propane are part of a homologous series. The only difference among these molecules is that they have different numbers of CH₂ groups. Each member of a homologous series is called a homologue, which can also be spelled ''homolog.'' For example, methane and ethane are homologues and belong to the same homologous series. They differ from each other by one CH₂ group. The formula of methane is CH₄ and the formula of ethane is C₂ H₆.

Alkyl radical: The group of atoms(or radical) formed by removing one hydrogen from alkane is called alkyl radical. For example removing one hydrogen from methane(CH₄) creates CH₃⁺ radical and so on.

CH₄ - H → CH₃⁺

C₂H₆ - H → C₂H₅⁺

Functional group is a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic behavior of the class of compounds in which the group occurs, as the hydroxyl group in alcohols, oxygen in ether etc.

 

Gold

The symbol of gold is Au which is driven from the Latin word Aurum. Its atomic number is 79 and atomic weight is 197.2. Its electronic configuration is as shown below

Shell	K	L	M	N	O	P
Number of electrons	2	8	18	32	18	1
Orbitals	1s2	2s22p6	3s23p63d10	4S24p64d104f14	5s25p65d10	6s1

Position of Gold in periodic table: Gold has one valence electron and its valency is 1 or 3. It falls in group IB of periodic table and on 6^th period under d-block elements. It can make aurous ion(Au⁺) by loosing 1 electron or auric ion(Au⁺⁺⁺) by loosing three electrons.

Occurrence: Gold is generally found in free state with quartz or river sand. Its major ore is calverite(AuTe₂)

Physical properties of Gold:

• It is soft and shiny yellow colored metal
• Its specific gravity is 19.3
• Its melting point is 1063^oC and boiling point is 2530^oC
• It is very less reactive metal
• It is very good conductor of heat and electricity

Uses of Gold:

• It is used to make ornaments
• It is used to make gold coins
• It is used to make gold medals
• It is used to make decorative materials
• It is used to make statues of god and goddess
• It is used to make gold leaf electroscope
• It is used to make medicines
• It is used to make photographic chemicals
• It is used in gold plating

Silver

The symbol of silver ig Ag which is driven from the Latin word Argentum which means shiny and lustrous. Its atomic number is 47 and atomic weight is 107.88. Its electronic configuration is as shown below

Shell	K	L	M	N	O
Number of electrons	2	8	18	18	1
Orbitals	1s2	2s22p6	3s23p63d10	4S24p64d10	5s1

Position of silver in periodic table: Silver has one electron on its valence cell. Its position is in Group IB of periodic table and falls on 5^th period of d-block element. Its valency is 1. By loosing 1 electron it forms Ag⁺ ion.

Occurrence: Silver is found in nature on pure as well as in the form of different ores. Major ores of silver are, argentite, silver glance, horn silver, silver copper glance etc. The major ore is argentite among them.

Physical properties of Silver:

• It is shiny white metal with attractive luster
• Its specific gravity is 10.5
• Silver melts on 960^oC and boils at 1955^oC
• It is very good conductor of heat and electricity
• It is malleable ductile in nature

Uses of silver:

• It is used to make ornaments
• It is used to make silver coins
• It is used to make decorative materials
• It is used to polish mirrors
• It is used to make silver amalgams
• Silver oxide used to make calculator batteries
• It is used to make silver salts
• It is used in electroplating
• It is used to make expensive utensils
• Silver bromides are widely used as photography chemicals

Copper

 The symbol of copper is Cu which is driven from Latin name cuprum. Its atomic number is 29, atomic weight is 63.57 and electronic configuration is as shown below.

Shell	K	L	M	N
Number of electrons	2	8	18	1
Orbitals	1s2	2s22p6	3s23p63d10	4S1

Position of copper in periodic table: Copper has one electron on its valence cell.its position is in Group IB of periodic table and falls on 4^th period of d-block element. Its valency is 1 or 2. By loosing 1 electron it forms cuprous ion(Cu⁺) or by loosing 2 electrons forms cupric ion(Cu⁺⁺).

Occurrence: copper is found in nature on pure state as well as in the form of different ores. Major ores of copper are, copper pyrite, coppel glance, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite etc. most of the copper is produced from copper pyrite.

Physical properties of copper:

• It is brown red shiny metal
• It is very good conductor of heat and electricity
• Its specific gravity is 8.95
• Its melting point is 1083^oC and boiling point is 2350^oC
• It is soft, malleable and ductile in nature

Uses of copper

• It is used to make coins
• It is used to make utensils
• It is used to make electrical wires and coils
• It is used for copper plating on other metals
• It is used to make positive electrodes on many electrolysis
• It is used to make calorimeter
• It is used to make many alloys like brass and bronze
• It is used to make different chemicals like copper sulphate
• It is used to make medicines and pesticides

Aluminium

 Aluminium is abundant metal in earth’s crust. Aluminium is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. Its electronic configuration is as below

Shell	K	L	m
Number of electrons	2	8	3
Orbitals	1s2	2s22p6	3s23p1

Position of aluminium in periodic table: Aluminium has 3 valence electrons. So it is placed in group IIIA of periodic table. It falls on p-block under 3^rd period. Its valency is 3 and becomes Al⁺⁺⁺ by donating three electrons.

Occurrence of aluminium: in nature aluminium is not found in free state but abundantly available in ore like bauxite(Al₂O_3.2H₂O), felspar(KAlSi₃O₈), kaolin, alunite etc. As bauxite is more abundant it is the main source of aluminium.

Physical properties of aluminium

• It is white colored light metal
• Its specific gravity is 2.7
• It is good conductor of heat and electricity
• Its melting point is about 660oc and boiling point is 1800oC.
• It is malleable and ductile in nature

Uses of aluminium

• It is used to make electrical wire on transmission line
• Home use utensils are made from aluminium like pressure cooker and rice cooker
• It is used to make photo frames
• It is used to make partitions inside buildings
• As it is light metal It is used to make aero plane body
• Aluminium powder is used on making paint and small scale hydrogen production
• It is used to make wrappers for wrapping food items like biscuits and chocolates
• It is used to make coins
• It is used to make alloys which are used to make bicycle frame

Iron

Iron is abundantly available metal under earth’s crust. Its symbol is Fe, atomic number is 26 and atomic weight is 56. In Latin language iron is called ferrum. Electronic configuration if iron is as below.

Shell	K	L	M	N
Number of electrons	2	8	14	2
Orbitals	1s2	2s22p6	3s23p63d6	4s2

 Position of Iron in periodic table: Iron has 2 electrons of s orbital of valence shell. Generally such metal would be placed on group IIA but it is placed on group VIII as it is a transitional element. Its valency is 2 or 3. It can make ferrous ion(Fe⁺⁺) by donating 2 electrons or ferric ion(Fe⁺⁺⁺) by giving 3 electrons to other elements or radical.

Occurrence of iron: as it a reactive element it is rarely found in free state but abundantly on compound states or in the form of ores. Major ores of iron are hematite (Fe₂O₃), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), iron pyrite (Fes₂) etc and the major source of iron is hematite. Hematite has about 72.5% of iron and most of the iron is produced from this ore.

Physical properties of iron:

• Iron is a shiny ash white colored metal
• It is good conductor of heat and electricity
• Its specific gravity is 7.86
• Its melting point is about 1500^oC and boiling point is about 2500^oC.
• It is strong magnetic material(Ferromagnetic substance)
• On heating to 770^oC temperature it looses its magnetic property
• It is malleable and ductile

Uses of iron:

• It is used to make construction materials like Rods, Pipes, wire, nails etc
• It is used to make railway strip
• It is used to make almost all weapons
• It is used to make stainless steel
• It is used to make agricultural tools
• It is used to make utensils
• It is used as catalyst on many chemical reactions
• Used to make engine and body of vehicles

Salt

Salt is a compound formed by displacing hydrogen of acid by metal or any basic radical fully or partially. If the hydrogen of acid is fully displaced by metal or basic radical the salt formed is neutral salt. If the salt is formed by partial displacement of hydrogen of acid, the salt is called acidic salt. The compound formed by partial displacement of hydroxyl ion from base is called basic salt.
Properties of salt:

• They have different tastes. Many salts have bitter taste. Some are tasteless
• Their melting and boiling point is generally high
• Most of the salts are soluble in water
• Water soluble salts can be decomposed by electrolysis
• Some salts are white and some are colorful
• Some salts contain water molecule which are called hydrated salts

Uses of salts

• NaCl: extraction of sodium metal, making food
• Sodium Carbonate: making soap, detergent and glass
• Sodium Bicarbonate: Making baking powder, to make fire extinguisher
• Copper sulphate: electroplating of copper, as fungicide
• Zinc sulphate: making medicine of eye
• Calcium sulphate: making chalk and plaster of paris
• Ammonium chloride: electrolyte of dry cell
• Ammonium sulphate: chemical fertilizer etc.

Neutralization Reaction: A neutralization reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which an acid and base quantitatively react together to form a salt and water as products.

Utilities of Neutralization Reaction

• Farmers use lime to reduce acidity of soil
• We use magnesium hydroxide to reduce acidity of stomach
• On the bites of ant and bee formic acid is injected, to neutralize this we can use soap
• On bite of some insect base is injected. To neutralize this acetic acid is used